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V-Model — Verification & Validation Lifecycle

Left side decomposes; right side verifies at the same level.

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◤ DEFINITION

What it is

The V-Model pairs each decomposition activity (needs → system → subsystem → component → unit) with a corresponding verification activity (unit test → integration → system test → acceptance).

◤ PURPOSE

Why it exists

Forces every level of specification to have a matching level of evidence. You cannot pass system test if you never wrote a system spec.